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Research Ethics

​Human Subjects Research

Research involving human participants must:

  1. Comply with applicable ethical standards.

  2. Receive approval from an Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) or Institutional Review Board (IRB), where applicable.

  3. Obtain informed consent from participants.

Authors should state ethical approval details within the manuscript.

Patient Privacy and Confidentiality

Authors must protect patient privacy and confidentiality.

  1. Identifiable patient information should not be published without explicit written consent.

  2. Images and clinical details must be anonymized whenever possible.

Animal Research

Studies involving animals must comply with institutional and national guidelines for animal welfare and ethical treatment.

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